Beyond hypoxia：Occurrence and characteristics of black blooms due to the decomposition of the submerged plant Potamogeton crispus in a shallow lake

Organic matter-induced black blooms(hypoxia and an offensive odor) are a serious ecosystem disasters that have occurred in some large eutrophic shallow lakes in China. In this study, we investigated two separate black blooms that were induced by Potamogeton crispus in Lake Taihu, China. The main physical and chemical characteristics, including color- and odor-related substances, of the black blooms were analyzed. The black blooms were characterized by low dissolved oxygen concentration(close to 0 mg/L), low oxidation-reduction potential, and relatively low pH of overlying water. Notably higher Fe2+and∑S2-were found in the black-bloom waters than in waters not affected by black blooms. The black color of the water may be attributable to the high concentration of these elements, as black FeS was considered to be the main substance causing the black color of blooms in freshwater lakes. Volatile organic sulfur compounds, including dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, were very abundant in the black-bloom waters. The massive anoxic degradation of dead Potamogeton crispus plants released dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, which were the main odor-causing compounds in the black blooms. The black blooms also induced an increase in ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus levels in the overlying waters. This extreme phenomenon not only heavily influenced the original lake ecosystem but also greatly changed the cycling of Fe, S, and nutrients in the water column.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal phylogenetic groups differ in affecting host plants along heavy metal levels

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF） are important components of soil microbial communities,and play important role in plant growth. However, the effects of AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） on host plant under various heavy metal levels are not clear. Here we conducted a meta-analysis to compare symbiotic relationship between AMF phylogenetic groups（Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae） and host plant functional groups（herbs vs. trees, and non-legumes vs. legumes） at three heavy metal levels. In the meta-analysis, we calculate the effect size（ln（RR）） by taking the natural logarithm of the response ratio of inoculated to non-inoculated shoot biomass from each study. We found that the effect size of Glomeraceae increased, but the effect size of non-Glomeraceae decreased under high level of heavy metal compared to low level. According to the effect size, both Glomeraceae and non-Glomeraceae promoted host plant growth, but had different effects under various heavy metal levels. Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than non-Glomeraceae did under heavy metal condition, while non-Glomeraceae provided more benefit to host plants than Glomeraceae did under no heavy metal. AMF phylogenetic groups also differed in promoting plant functional groups under various heavy metal levels.Interacting with Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under high heavy metal level, while trees and legumes grew better than herbs and non-legumes did under medium heavy metal level. Interacting with non-Glomeraceae, herbs and legumes grew better than trees and non-legumes did under no heavy metal. We suggested that the combination of legume with Glomeraceae could be a useful way in the remediation of heavy metal polluted environment.     

漫湾大坝上下游沉积物重金属与营养元素分布特征及环境风险评价

研究了漫湾水电站大坝上下游11个采样断面的沉积物中的有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和金属元素Al、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量及空间分布特征,利用地积累指数法、潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物重金属的环境风险进行了评价.结果表明,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均年含量分别为31.88、0.80、63.26、32.55、607.81、32.11、36.54、132.29 mg·kg-1,与云南省土壤背景值相比,重金属元素均出现一定程度的富集.其中,Cd和As比其他金属元素污染重,处于中-强度污染状态.在大坝上游干流中靠近大坝的断面环境风险最高,支流断面风险水平普遍低于附近的干流断面,大坝下游断面的风险值明显低于大坝上游断面.干流沉积物重金属蓄积明显受大坝建设影响,支流则受其上游区域人类活动和大坝建设的共同影响.营养元素在村庄聚集区和坝前地区含量较高,干流断面含量高于临近的支流断面,表明大坝建设和库区居民生产生活共同影响沉积物营养元素的分布.相关性分析与聚类分析表明,毒性较高的重金属元素Cd、As、Pb可以聚为一类,而且相互间呈显著正相关关系,并与OM呈正相关关系.虽然沉积物的有机污染在大部分地区呈现清洁或较清洁的水平,但是有机质可以吸附Cd和As,对沉积物的重金属污染具有增强效应.     

Acid-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline TiO2 from titanate nanotubes: Influence of acids on the photodegradation of gaseous toluene

In order to efficiently remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor air, onedimensional titanate nanotubes (TiNTs) were hydrothermally treated to prepare TiO₂ nanocrystals with different crystalline phases, shapes and sizes. The influences of various acids such as CH₃COOH, HNO₃, HCl, HF and H₂SO₄ used in the treatment were separately compared to optimize the performance of the TiO₂ nanocrystals. Comparedwith the strong and corrosive inorganic acids, CH₃COOH was not only safer andmore environmentally friendly, but also more efficient in promoting the photocatalytic activity of the obtained TiO₂. Itwasobserved that the anatase TiO₂ synthesized in 15 mol/L CH₃COOH solution exhibited the highest photodegradation rate of gaseous toluene (94%), exceeding that of P25 (44%) by a factor ofmore than two. The improved photocatalytic activity was attributed to the small crystallite size and surface modification by CH₃COOH. The influence of relative humidity (20%-80%) on the performance of TiO₂ nanocrystals was also studied. The anatase TiO₂ synthesized in 15 mol/L CH₃COOH solution was more tolerant tomoisture than the other TiO₂ nanocrystals and P25.     

北京市道路积雪污染及特性研究

通过2009~2012年对北京市区道路旁积雪的取样,分析了积雪中污染物的浓度和特性,并对国内外普遍关注的融雪剂污染问题及其控制进行了初步分析。得出道路积雪中+NH 4-N、TN、TP、COD、SS、Cd等污染物主要来自交通活动,氯化物主要来自氯盐融雪剂;与《地表水环境质量标准》相比,道路积雪中主要污染物为NH+4-N、TN、COD、BOD和氯化物,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd等重金属的污染水平不高,可达到Ⅴ类水体标准;相同地点近似降水量条件下,积雪中TP、COD、SS的平均浓度高于降雨径流;北京市交通主干道及人行道上喷撒氯盐融雪剂的量高于国外道路,控制其污染主要通过源头减少使用量、使用替代融雪剂、严格融雪剂标准和使用方法、严肃责任追究、加强宣传教育等措施。     

植物活性物质对PM_(2.5)致细胞损伤的抗性作用

为研究植物活性物质对PM2.5致细胞损伤的抗性作用,研究了北京城区PM2.5对CHO(Chinese hamster ovary,中国仓鼠卵巢)细胞的损伤作用,并选择植物活性物质绿原酸、阿魏酸和荭草素探讨其对CHO细胞的保护作用.以CCK-8法确定PM2.5的试验剂量和3种活性物质的最佳保护剂量,然后通过彗星试验、微核试验、流式细胞术及Western Blotting分别检测PM2.5的损伤作用及植物活性物质的保护作用.结果表明:1由CHO细胞存活率可知,PM2.5的有效试验剂量为15μg/m L,绿原酸、阿魏酸和荭草素的最佳保护剂量分别为50、20、10μmol/L.2PM2.5可引起CHO细胞明显的DNA损伤、微核形成增加、细胞周期阻滞所致的细胞增殖指数降低,而经阿魏酸、绿原酸和荭草素预处理后,均可减轻PM2.5对细胞的损伤作用,起到了一定的保护作用.3PM2.5能引起CHO细胞中p53和caspase-3蛋白的表达增加,而阿魏酸、绿原酸和荭草素均可使其表达量有所降低.由PM2.5引起的细胞损伤经绿原酸、阿魏酸、荭草素作用后表达量降低.在3种植物活性物质中,以阿魏酸拮抗PM2.5损伤的效果最佳,绿原酸次之,荭草素相对较差.     

都柳江河道急流-深潭-沙(砾)滩系统水质差异研究

河流是流域生态系统的重要组成部分,河流形态结构与水质变化间关系研究可以为河流生态修复提供理论依据。河流是由急流-深潭-沙(砾)滩不断重复出现构成的系统,急流-深潭-沙(砾)滩是河流的基本结构单元,并以都柳江上、中、下游9个急流-深潭-沙(砾)滩单元为对象,测定了水质指标,分析了山区典型河道基本结构单元与水质变化之间的关系。结果表明:都柳江深潭水体中氮素浓度与pH值大于急流,其浓度分别是总氮0.97mg/L和0.87mg/L;硝酸盐氮0.60mg/L和0.56mg/L;氨氮0.22mg/L和0.20mg/L;pH8.22和8.14。而磷素、溶解氧、BOD5和COD则是深潭小于急流。其浓度分别是总磷0.0187mg/L和0.0202mg/L;正磷酸盐0.0070mg/L和0.0085mg/L;溶解氧11.93mg/L和13.50mg/L;BOD53.75mg/L和5.36mg/L;COD10.986mg/L和12.807mg/L。电导率深潭与急流相等,均为169.7μS/cm。方差分析表明,深潭与急流水体总氮和硝酸盐氮在夏季差异极显著;磷素和pH在春季差异极显著;电导率在秋季差异极显著;氨氮、溶解氧、BOD5和COD差异均不显著。研究工作显示,河流形态结构变化影响着水环境质量,急流-深潭-沙(砾)滩不断重复出现使河流水质得到改善,在河道生态修复中需要遵循河流形态结构规律以便提高河流的自净能力。     

石化企业外操岗位噪声40h等效声级计算方法探讨

目的:对职业卫生评价工作中石化企业外操岗位噪声40 h等效声级计算方法进行探讨.方法:通过对现行标准中每周40 h等效声级计算方法进行简化,得到简化的40 h等效声级公式.结果:与现行标准中每周40 h等效声级计算方法相比,简化的40 h等效声级计算方法得出的结果与之完全一致.结论:简化的40 h等效声级公式计算更为简单,提高了评价人员的工作效率.     

蒸发-固化法处理垃圾渗滤液反渗透浓缩液的研究

采用蒸发-固化工艺处理垃圾渗滤液反渗透浓缩液。蒸发工艺可将反渗透浓缩液减量化,固化工艺可将蒸发残留液中的污染物稳定化。研究表明,蒸发残留液宜采用水泥和石灰混合料进行固化,混合料最佳水泥与石灰质量比约为1︰2,每100 mL蒸发残留液(质量约为120 g)最佳投加量为50 g。固化体含水率低于40%,抗压强度高于1.0 MPa,适合填埋处置,其浸出液污染物含量较低。采用硅酸钠和硫酸钙作为添加剂可加快固化速度,提高固化体的抗压强度。利用蒸发-固化工艺处理反渗透浓缩液可取得良好的经济和社会效益。     

雅鲁河呼伦贝尔段大型底栖动物群落结构特征及水质生物学评价

在呼伦贝尔市境内雅鲁河流域设置12个点位采集大型底栖动物进行调查研究并对水质状况进行生物学评价。共采集到底栖动物24种,隶属于8目22科,其中水生昆虫19种,占总数79.2%,各点位种类不丰富。各点位优势种不同,但基本都以对水质敏感类群和中等耐污类群为主。各点位密度和生物量差异较大,底栖动物平均密度为89~493ind/m2,平均生物量为0.42~11.69g/m2。调查区域大型底栖动物以集食者和捕食者种类较多,分别为6种;各功能摄食类群分布受空间资源位的限制。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数评价结果为上游点位水质为轻-中污染型,下游点位水质为中-重污染型,BI指数评价结果显示除南大河水质为中度污染外,其余点位水质均为清洁。